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Research Methods

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Research Methods

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Research Methods: PH4160 Research Methods and Technical Writing for Public Health

Week 4 Written Assignment

Answer all questions below and be prepared to share your answers and discuss them during the next class. Do NOT copy and paste sentences from the textbook or any other sources. Always paraphrase your answers and write in full sentences with proper grammar and spelling. Only complete answers will earn credit.

 

 

1. Chapter 11: Cohort Studies

First, read Chapter 11 sections 11.1 and 11.2 (textbook 2nd edition). Next, review Figures 11-3 and 11-4.

Now read the following description:

“From January 2022 through December 2022, a researcher collects baseline data on all newborn infants born at Dignity Health (CA Hospital Medical Center). This means that the researcher utilizes rolling admission for recruitment of participants into this study. The baseline data that are collected include birth weight, blood spot screening, pulse oximetry screening, and hearing screening*. When each of the infants turn one year old (i.e., 12 months from their baseline timepoint), they will return to the hospital for follow-up health screening, during which the researcher will collect follow up data on the infants’ health.”

Question 1.A. : Based on the description above, which type of cohort study was it (retrospective, prospective or longitudinal)? Explain why you think so.

 

 

Question 1.B. : Based on the description above, is the cohort of Dignity Health infants considered a fixed population or a dynamic population? Explain why you think so.

 

 

 

*For more information on newborn screening, see Newborn Screening Process | Newborn Screening (hrsa.gov)

 

 

2. Chapter 12: Experimental Studies

You have been tasked with designing the randomization of participants for a clinical trial. This study will test the effect of a new drug versus a placebo. You have a pool of 100 participants (60 women and 40 men).

For block randomization and stratified randomization, come up with an idea on how you would randomize the 100 participants into either the drug or placebo groups. You can design any hypothetical scenario. Explain your reasoning for each of your idea based on your understanding of the different types of randomization (see textbook Chapter 12.6 and Figure 12-7). The example for simple randomization is provided below.

 

Type of Randomization How would you randomize the 100 participants in this method Reasoning
Simple randomization Example:

I would use a random number generator to randomly assign each participant to either the drug group or placebo group. If there are 100 participants in total, then the allocation should be 50 persons in the drug group and 50 persons in the placebo group.

 

 

 Example:

Simple randomization is the simplest and most straightforward form of randomization and does not take into account any participant characteristics. The allocation is purely by random chance at the individual level.

 
Block randomization   Your answer:

 

 

 Your answer:

 

 
Stratified randomization   Your answer:

 

 

 Your answer:

 

 

 

 

 

3. Chapter 13: Qualitative Studies

The following is an Abstract from a study published in the journal BMC Health Services Research. Read the abstract and answer the question below it.

 

Background

 

Methods

We conducted focus groups with 39 smokers aged 21–75 from the most socio-economically deprived areas of Nottingham UK who had made an unsuccessful attempt to quit within the last year without using smoking cessation services, to identify specific barriers or motivators to gaining access to these services.

 

Results

Barriers to use of existing services related to fear of being judged, fear of failure, a perceived lack of knowledge about existing services, a perception that available interventions – particularly Nicotine Replacement Therapy – are expensive and ineffective, and negative media publicity about bupropion. Participants expressed a preference for a personalized, non-judgmental approach combining counselling with affordable, accessible and effective pharmacological therapies; convenient and flexible timing of service delivery, and the possibility of subsidized complementary therapies.

 

Conclusion

We conclude that smokers from these deprived areas generally had low awareness of the services available to help them, and misconceptions about their availability and effectiveness. A more personalized approach to promoting services that are non-judgmental, and with free pharmacotherapy and flexible support may encourage more deprived smokers to quit smoking.

 

Roddy, E., Antoniak, M., Britton, J., Molyneux, A., & Lewis, S. (2006). Barriers and motivators to gaining access to smoking cessation services amongst deprived smokers–a qualitative study.  BMC Health Services Research,  6(1), 147. Available from: https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/ 10.1186/1472-6963-6-147

 

 

Question : If you are a researcher on this study, what would be two questions that you would ask the participants of the focus groups in this study? Remember, this is a qualitative study, which means that the questions would be open-ended in format. Ask your questions such that they solicit the best possible answers from your participants that would help you reach the goals of this study.

Costing Methods Assignment

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Costing Methods Assignment

Overview

Costing Methods Assignment: Companies choose their costing method based on their business activities and processes, as well as the products and services they offer. A company can be a manufacturing, merchandising, or service organization; this also impacts which costing method will be most useful for its purposes. As a part of costing, the company also needs to decide how to classify overhead costs using either traditional or activity-based costing (ABC).

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In this written assignment, you will choose a company, consider its business and costing requirements, and recommend a costing system that will work best for the business.

Prompt

Think about a company you know. This could be a current or past employer or a company you admire. Consider its business activities and the type of products and services offered. Based on what you have learned so far, write a short paper that reflects on the different costing methods and speculates on how they might apply to your selected company.

Specifically, you must address the following rubric criteria:

  • Company Overview: Identify the company you selected and provide a brief overview of its business.
    • Is it a manufacturing, merchandising, or service organization?
  • Costing Methods: Compare the job order and process costing methods, and explain how each of these can be applied to the company.
    • How could the costs differ if one method is chosen over the other?
  • Factory Overhead: Outline possible indirect or overhead costs the company may need to account for, and identify the type of costing the company might use for these costs.
    • If the company decides to use activity-based costing (ABC), what are some activity bases (cost drivers) it might use to allocate these costs?
  • Recommendation: Based on your analysis, recommend a costing method for the company, and explain why you think this method will work best for the business.

Costing Methods Assignment: Guidelines for Submission

Submit your assignment as a 2- to 4-page Word document. Sources should be cited according to APA style.

Module Three Assignment Rubric

Costing Methods Assignment

Criteria Exemplary Proficient Needs Improvement Not Evident Value
Company Overview N/A Identifies the company selected and provides a brief overview of its business, including specifying whether it is a manufacturing, merchandising, or service organization (100%) Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include providing a clear company overview and specifying the nature of the business (85%) Does not attempt criterion (0%) 10
Costing Methods Exceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner (100%) Compares the job order and process costing methods; explains how each of these can be applied to the selected company; specifies how the costs would be affected in each method (85%) Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include adequately describing the two costing methods and how they can be applied to the company and specifying how the costs would differ if one method is chosen over the other (55%) Does not attempt criterion (0%) 30
Factory Overhead Outlines possible indirect or overhead costs the company may need to account for; identifies the type of costing the company might use for these costs; identifies more than one activity base the company may use if it chooses ABC to allocate overhead costs (100%) Outlines possible indirect or overhead costs the company may need to account for; identifies the type of costing the company might use for these costs; identifies at least one activity base the company may use if it chooses ABC to allocate overhead costs (85%) Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include listing relevant and plausible overhead costs for the selected business; identifying a costing method for allocating the overhead costs; and identifying correct activity bases for use with the ABC method (55%) Does not attempt criterion (0%) 30
Recommendation Exceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner (100%) Recommends a costing method for the company; uses sound reasoning to explain why this method will work best for the business (85%) Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions; areas for improvement may include using clear, sound reasoning to explain why the recommended costing method would work best (55%) Does not attempt criterion (0%) 20
Articulation of Response Exceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear, insightful, sophisticated, or creative manner (100%) Clearly conveys meaning with correct grammar, sentence structure, and spelling, demonstrating an understanding of audience and purpose (85%) Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors in grammar, sentence structure, and spelling, negatively impacting readability (55%) Submission has critical errors in grammar, sentence structure, and spelling, preventing understanding of ideas (0%) 5
Citations and Attributions Uses citations for ideas requiring attribution, with few or no minor errors (100%) Uses citations for ideas requiring attribution, with consistent minor errors (85%) Uses citations for ideas requiring attribution, with major errors (55%) Does not use citations for ideas requiring attribution (0%) 5
Total: 100%